These NPs play a significant role in improving agricultural attributes, removing environmental pollution, and upgrading the domain of nanomedicine. Because of their enormous abundance, plants, humans, and environment are inevitably exposed to TiO 2 NPs. Recently, the exponential growth of research activities regarding TiO 2 NPs has been observed owing to their chemical stability, low toxicity, and multifaceted properties. Hence, the differential effects of various TiO 2 nanostructures including nanoflakes, nanoflowers, and nanotubes in various domains of biotechnology have been elucidated by researchers. However, the alteration in size and shape by doping results in improving the physical, chemical, and biological behaviour of TiO 2 NPs. Whether present in naked form or doped with metals or polymers, TiO 2 NPs perform immensely important functions. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2) nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the topmost widely used metallic oxide nanoparticles.
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